1. BrawleyOW. Prostate cancer epidemiology in the United States. World J Urol 2012;30:195-200.
2. SchröderFH, HugossonJ, RoobolMJ, TammelaTL, CiattoS, et al. Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1320-8.
3. HugossonJ, CarlssonS, AusG, BergdahlS, KhatamiA, et al. Mortality results from the Göteborg randomised population-based prostate-cancer screening trial. Lancet Oncol 2010;11:725-32.
4. AndrioleGL, CrawfordED, GrubbRL, BuysSS, ChiaD, et al. Mortality results from a randomized prostate-cancer screening trial. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1310-9.
5. HayesJH, BarryMJ. Screening for prostate cancer with the prostate-specific antigen test: a review of current evidence. JAMA 2014;311:1143-9.
6. Van NesteL, HendriksRJ, DijkstraS, TrooskensG, CornelEB, et al. Detection of high-grade prostate cancer using a urinary molecular biomarker-based risk score. Eur Urol 2016;70:740-8.
7. GoversTM, HesselsD, Vlaeminck-GuillemV, Schmitz-DrägerBJ, StiefCG, et al. Cost-effectiveness of SelectMDx for prostate cancer in four European countries: a comparative modeling study. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2018; doi: 10.1038/s41391-018-0076-3.
8. PattiGJ, YanesO, SiuzdakG. Innovation: metabolomics: the apogee of the omics trilogy. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012;13:263-9.
9. DiamandisEP. Mass spectrometry as a diagnostic and a cancer biomarker discovery tool: opportunities and potential limitations. Mol Cell Proteomics 2004;3:367-78.
10. YangJ, ZhuY, GuoH, WangX, GaoR, et al. Identifying serum biomarkers for ovarian cancer by screening with surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and the artificial neural network. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013;23:667-72.
11. WrightGL Jr, CazaresLH, LeungSM, NasimS, AdamBL, et al. Proteinchip(R) surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) mass spectrometry: a novel protein biochip technology for detection of prostate cancer biomarkers in complex protein mixtures. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 1999;2:264-76.
12. OcakS, ChaurandP, MassionPP. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic profiling of lung cancer. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2009;6:159-70.
13. Martínez-AguilarJ, ChikJ, NicholsonJ, SemaanC, McKayMJ, et al. Quantitative mass spectrometry for colorectal cancer proteomics. Proteomics Clin Appl 2013;7:42-54.
14. WuB, AbbottT, FishmanD, McMurrayW, MorG, et al. Ovarian cancer classification based on mass spectrometry analysis of sera. Cancer Inform 2007;2:123-32.
15. NiziołJ, OssolińskiK, OssolińskiT, OssolińskaA, BonifayV, et al. Surface-transfer mass spectrometry imaging of renal tissue on gold nanoparticle enhanced target. Anal Chem 2016;88:7365-71.
16. WhelanSA, HeJ, LuM, SoudaP, SaxtonRE, et al. Mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified proteomic biosignatures of breast cancer in proximal fluid. J Proteome Res 2012;11:5034-45.
17. XueR, DongL, ZhangS, DengC, LiuT, et al. Investigation of volatile biomarkers in liver cancer blood using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2008;22:1181-6.
18. LucarelliG, RutiglianoM, GalleggianteV, GiglioA, PalazzoS, et al. Metabolomic profiling for the identification of novel diagnostic markers in prostate cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015;15:1211-24.
19. FerroM, LucarelliG, BruzzeseD, PerdonàS, MazzarellaC, et al. Improving the prediction of pathologic outcomes in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy: the value of prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3), prostate health index (phi) and sarcosine. Anticancer Res 2015;35:1017-23.
20. de VogelS, UlvikA, MeyerK, UelandPM, NygårdO, et al. Sarcosine and other metabolites along the choline oxidation pathway in relation to prostate cancer - a large nested case-control study within the JANUS cohort in Norway. Int J Cancer 2014;134:197-206.
21. de CobelliO, TerraccianoD, TagliabueE, RaimondiS, GalassoG, et al. Body mass index was associated with upstaging and upgrading in patients with low-risk prostate cancer who met the inclusion criteria for active surveillance. Urol Oncol 2015;33:201.
22. FerroM, LucarelliG, BruzzeseD, Di LorenzoG, PerdonàS, et al. Low serum total testosterone level as a predictor of upstaging and upgrading in low-risk prostate cancer patients meeting the inclusion criteria for active surveillance. Oncotarget 2017;8:18424-34.
23. SekułaJ, NiziołJ, RodeW, RumanT. Gold nanoparticle-enhanced target (AuNPET) as universal solution for laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry analysis and imaging of low molecular weight compounds. Anal Chim Acta 2015;875:61-72.
24. CacciatoreS, ZadraG, BangoC, PenneyKL, TyekuchevaS, et al. Metabolic profiling in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded prostate cancer tissues. Mol Cancer Res 2017;15:439-47.
25. SundM, KalluriR. Tumor stroma derived biomarkers in cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2009;28:177-83.
26. AlbiniA, SpornMB. The tumour microenvironment as a target for chemoprevention. Nat Rev Cancer 2007;7:139-47.
27. LiuY, ZuckierLS, GhesaniNV. Dominant uptake of fatty acid over glucose by prostate cells: a potential new diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Anticancer Res 2010;30:369-74.
28. Beloribi-DjefafliaS, VasseurS, GuillaumondF. Lipid metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells. Oncogenesis 2016;5:e189.
29. LiuIJ, ZafarMB, LaiYH, SegallGM, TerrisMK. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography studies in diagnosis and staging of clinically organ-confined prostate cancer. Urology 2001;57:108-11.
30. MostaghelEA, SolomonKR, PeltonK, FreemanMR, MontgomeryRB. Impact of circulating cholesterol levels on growth and intratumoral androgen concentration of prostate tumors. PLoS One 2012;7:e30062.
31. TwiddyAL, LeonCG, WasanKM. Cholesterol as a potential target for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Pharm Res 2011;28:423-37.
32. MontgomeryRB, MostaghelEA, VessellaR, HessDL, KalhornTF, et al. Maintenance of intratumoral androgens in metastatic prostate cancer: a mechanism for castration-resistant tumor growth. Cancer Res 2008;68:4447-54.
33. StopsackKH, GerkeTA, SinnottJA, PenneyKL, TyekuchevaS, et al. Cholesterol metabolism and prostate cancer lethality. Cancer Res 2016;76:4785-90.
34. AllottEH, HowardLE, CooperbergMR, KaneCJ, AronsonWJ, et al. Serum lipid profile and risk of prostate cancer recurrence: results from the SEARCH database. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23:2349-56.
35. PlatzEA, TillC, GoodmanPJ, ParnesHL, FiggWD, et al. Men with low serum cholesterol have a lower risk of high-grade prostate cancer in the placebo arm of the prostate cancer prevention trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18:2807-13.
36. MondulAM, ClippSL, HelzlsouerKJ, PlatzEA. Association between plasma total cholesterol concentration and incident prostate cancer in the CLUE II cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2009;21:61-8.
37. KokDE, van RoermundJG, AbenKK, den HeijerM, SwinkelsDW, et al. Blood lipid levels and prostate cancer risk; a cohort study. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2011;14:340-5.
38. WuermliL, JoergerM, HenzS, SchmidHP, RiesenWF, et al. Hypertriglyceridemia as a possible risk factor for prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2005;8:316-20.
39. PlatzEA, ClintonSK, GiovannucciE. Association between plasma cholesterol and prostate cancer in the PSA era. Int J Cancer 2008;123:1693-8.
40. EberlinLS, DillAL, CostaAB, IfaDR, ChengL, et al. Cholesterol sulfate imaging in human prostate cancer tissue by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010;82:3430-4.
41. LiuY. Fatty acid oxidation is a dominant bioenergetic pathway in prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2006;9:230-4.
42. FlavinR, PelusoS, NguyenPL, LodaM. Fatty acid synthase as a potential therapeutic target in cancer. Future Oncol 2010;6:551-62.
43. GiskeødegårdGF, HansenAF, BertilssonH, GonzalezSV, KristiansenKA, et al. Metabolic markers in blood can separate prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia. Br J Cancer 2015;113:1712-9.
44. SaylorPJ, KarolyED, SmithMR. Prospective study of changes in the metabolomic profiles of men during their first three months of androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18:3677-85.
45. FuYQ, ZhengJS, YangB, LiD. Effect of individual omega-3 fatty acids on the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Epidemiol 2015;25:261-74.
46. MurphyAB, NyameY, MartinIK, CatalonaWJ, HollowellCM, et al. Vitamin D deficiency predicts prostate biopsy outcomes. Clin Cancer Res 2014;20:2289-99.
47. GilbertR, MetcalfeC, FraserWD, DonovanJ, HamdyF, et al. Associations of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D with prostate cancer diagnosis, stage and grade. Int J Cancer 2011;131:1187-96.
48. Ben-EltrikiM, DebS, GunsES. Calcitriol in combination therapy for prostate cancer: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions. J Cancer 2016;7:391-407.
49. MarshallDT, SavageSJ, Garrett-MayerE, KeaneTE, HollisBW, et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation at 4000 international units per day for one year results in a decrease of positive cores at repeat biopsy in subjects with low-risk prostate cancer under active surveillance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:2315-24.
50. BeerTM, RyanCW, VennerPM, PetrylakDP, ChattaGS, et al. Double-blinded randomized study of high-dose calcitriol plus docetaxel compared with placebo plus docetaxel in androgen-independent prostate cancer: a report from the ASCENT investigators. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:669-74.
51. KrishnanAV, MorenoJ, NonnL, SwamiS, PeehlDM, et al. Calcitriol as a chemopreventive and therapeutic agent in prostate cancer: role of anti-inflammatory activity. J Bone Miner Res 2007;22:V74-80.
52. MorenoJ, KrishnanAV, FeldmanD. Molecular mechanisms mediating the anti-proliferative effects of Vitamin D in prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005;97:31-6.
53. PodmoreID, GriffithsHR, HerbertKE, MistryN, MistryP, et al. Vitamin C exhibits pro-oxidant properties. Nature 1998;392:559.
54. DaviesO, MendesP, SmallboneK, MalysN. Characterisation of multiple substrate-specific (d)ITP/(d)XTPase and modelling of deaminated purine nucleotide metabolism. BMB Rep 2012;45:259-64.
55. JiD, StepchenkovaEI, CuiJ, MenezesMR, PavlovYI, et al. Measuring deaminated nucleotide surveillance enzyme ITPA activity with an ATP-releasing nucleotide chimera. Nucleic Acids Res 2017;45:11515-24.
